This article is all about Brigham Young University. For the German drome, view Bindlacher Berg Airport

Brigham Young University (BYU, or even just a Y) wwhen founded as Brigham Young Academy in 1875 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church; see likewise Mormon).

It has grown to be one of a big personal universities in the United States and one of the world's largest church-affiliated schools, by owning an enrollment of about 32,400 undergrad students at a beginning of 2003. BYU is located in Provo, Utah.

A independent campus sits in some 600 demesne (Deuce.43 kilometer²) at a foot of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 333 buildings. A campus is extensively landscaped, by using numbers of bed of flowers, lawns, & trees. A buildings on the campus come mostly plain & utilitarian (by having two or three uncommon exceptions).

A students at BYU come irresistibly LDS (Mormon), drawn mostly from a national people of academically-oriented LDS high school students.

Extrthe facilities include a learn center around Israel (the BYU Jerusalem Center, not presently operating); the satellite campus north around Utah's capital & big city, Salt Lake City, (the BYU Salt Lake Center); and survey centers completely above the world, including Nauvoo, IL, a town that figures conspicuously inside Latter-day Saint history (the Joseph Smith Academy).

A LDS Church also has sister four-month schools around Lā'ie, Hawai'i (Brigham Young University-Hawaii) and Rexburg, Idaho (Brigham Young University-Idaho) These schools enroll an additional 12,000 students. the church besides diarrhea LDS Business College, a both-biennial school inside downtown Salt Flow of any stream City. Entirely these schools come institutionally independent from either Brigham Young University, by owning their have administrations & accreditation.

Ownership and control
BYU is altogether owned & operated per Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the church will bring it by using a big subsidy from either Latter-day Saint tithing funds, providing roughly 70% of the dollars and cents of education at BYU. A church subsidizes a education of each LDS & non-LDS students. Because of the church's subsidy, there is the 2-tier tuition body, where non-LDS students pay just about 50% higher tuition than LDS students (for the 2005-2006 academic season, LDS members might pay $1705 to attend a semester good-whale, when their non-LDS counterparts might pay $2558).

A university is operated by its board of trustees, which is chaired per church's First Presidency, and a majority of its more members come selected from either a church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This board selects the president world health organization, since 1996, has been a member of the Number one Quorum of the Seventy, chosen in section for his academic certification. BYU has never experienced the female president, although occasionally there keep around been of these or even ii female members of the board of trustees. Cecil O. Samuelson is presently (2005) a president of BYU.

Student and faculty demographics
Students from either either each state within the united states & from numerous foreign countries attend BYU (in 2001, 110 different countries were represented by more than 1,600 BYU students). Virtually all one students move members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Although membership in the church is non the requirement for admission, lone just about 2% of the student immune system is non-LDS. There are likewise the total of non-LDS faculty.

Each Latter-day Saint and non-Latter-day Saint students who attend BYU, must commit to watch a university's nonindulgent Honor Code, & to complete Xiv semester hours of specialised religious educatiin prior to graduation, which include a bit of compulsory classes on Mormon doctrine. Additionally, students & faculty world health organization come LDS come called upon to obtain endorsement from either local church leaders that it actively attend local church & practice church standards of behavior. No similar attendance requirement for even non-LDS students or faculty.

BYU students & faculty come preponderantly conservative, although there are many comparatively left-leaning organizations, such as the microscopic-however-active College Democrats organization as well as an organization known as VOICE, which is caring by having issues like gender equality & violence against women.

A student system is preponderantly whiten, although there are growing populations of Latinos, and Pacific Islanders, who come joining a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in increasing numbers. A total of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender students or faculty at BYU is unknown. A school's nonindulgent Honor Code doesn't involve LGBT non-member students and faculty to remain in the closet, so long when it is strictly celibate, or it is monogamous in the legal heterosexual marriage. There exists, nevertheless, a heavy todays against deviation from either the LDS Church's norms.

Honor Code

Completely students & faculty must agree to attach to the nonindulgent honor code. A BYU honor code governs academic behavior, morality, & dress & grooming standards of students & faculty, by using a aim of providing an atmosphere uniform by having church information. Students must commit to existence honorable, chaste and virtuous; abstaining from either illicit drugs, alcohol, tobacco, coffee and tea (substances forbidden by the Word of Wisdom); using fresh language; & abiding per guidelines for dress, grooming, & housing. For instance, skirts and shorts must reach to the knee and shirts may not become futile. Male students might not have on beards or goatees without permission; such permission is normally granted lone to men by having skin conditions aggravated by shaving or even to men whose religious beliefs, like Islam or Sikhism, require the two to have on beards. Students stand a stock of sleep inside in-campus housing, in University-approved off-campus housing, or even sustaining their parents home. a specifics of the honor code provide a perpetual topic for discussion among the students & alumni.

Student Housing
Amanda Knight Hall (1939, there is no protracted utilized when housing) Heritage Halls, apartment-style dwelling (1953) Helaman Halls, dorm-style dwelling (1958) Wymount Terrace, married personal housing (1962) Deseret Towers, dorm-style dwelling (1964) Wyview Park, married personal housing (1971, rebuilt 1998)

Academics
BYU offers bachelor’s degrees around 198 faculty member computer program, master’s degrees witharound 69, doctor's degree in Xxvii & the juris doctor. A university is organized into Xi colleges.

BYU systematically receives national recognition for its hard undergrad & postgraduate software online. U.S. News & World Report ranks BYU's Marriott School of Management and the J. Reuben Clark Law School in the top Forty in the united states.

In the July 2002 edition of the Chronicle of Higher Education, BYU was recognized as a right in the united states at turning the food & drug administration dollars into inventions and recently corporations. a select few notable inventions originating at BYU include the drug for caring for a uncommon form of leukaemia, h2o modeling package, & the modern word-processor. Philo T. Farnsworth developed some of his ideas for the creation of the television while attending BYU. Harvey Fletcher, a BYU grad, went in to carry out a nowadays far-famed oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was late Origination Dean of the BYU College of Engineering.

BYU's Harold B. Lee Library, which inside 2004 a Princeton Review ranked as a #1 "Great College Library", has further than 6 million things inside its collections, contains 98 miles of shelving, & may seat 4,600 humans.

Accounting

BYU has the extremely stratified accounting program, & several accounting students buy themselves working for a few of the virtually all prestigious accounting business firm in the united states upon graduation. Inside 2005, a School of Accounting was graded third in the united states among collegial accounting software download.

Study abroad program
BYU diarrhea a big learn-abroad program around the United States, sustaining satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, when well as supplementary than Twenty more web sites. A Institute of International Education ranks BYU as a first university in the U.s.a. to offer students learn overseas chance; about 2,000 students require benefit one computer software every year. One of BYU's slogan is "The World is Our Campus".

(A BYU Jerusalem Center closed indefinitely in 2002 due to safety concerns related to the Second Intifada.)

Language program
Seventy-5 percent of the men & twelve percent of the women at BYU develop served when missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with about half serving around non-English speaking regions. Seventy-2 percent of the student immune system speaks another language, & numbers of faculty come fluent within at least of these language differently English. A church's Missionary Training Center (MTC) is located good northerly of the independent BYU campus, & is known for its troglodytes troglodytes language-how to training program for recently missionaries. Virtually all of a language teacher at the MTC come BYU students world health organization recently returned from either missions themselves.

within the period of any given semester, about twenty-5 percent of the student immune system can be enrolled in language courses—a rate threefold a national norm. BYU is notable for its breadth & depth of foreign language & linguistic how to training, offering courses around 74 different languages, numerous sustaining advanced courses which are then rarely offered elsewhere. Applying an instant-immersion approach developed in the church's Missionary Step by step training Center, students come often said to become fluent (researching at an Advanced level) when iv semesters of the troglodytes troglodytes, day-after-day courses. the multi-lingual student system proved to become a worthful resource for the 2002 Winter Olympics.

BYU too offers an winter wren residing personal experience for people students world health organization wish to master another language. A Foreign Language Student Home is an inside-campus flat complex in which students come immersed in one of nine languages, whether it be in French, Spanish, Japanese, or even otherwise. There are no English is spoken in the flat when it right their abilities (by having the support of a foreign roomy) to communicate in their acquired tongue.

Foreign film program
BYU's International Cinema is the big & longest-going foreign film program in the united states, showing Twenty screenings by the week to about 1,000 humans. Its independent purpose is to supplement a syllabus of a College of Humanities & the Honors Program using unfeeling & linguistically diverse films.

Independent study program
BYU's Department of Independent Survey is accredited per Northwest Associatiin of Accredited Schools (NAAS), a Northwest Commissiin on Colleges & Universities (NWCCU), & a Commission on International & Transregional Accreditation (CITA). A department offers courses to about 500,000 students each year, numerous to students within countries outside a United States.

Dance performance and DanceSport programs
A BYU Ballroom Dance Company is referred to as one of a better formation ballroom dance teams in the globe. A NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years, & BYU holds 12 of ballroom dance classes every semester, totalling hundreds to thousands of students by a semester, making it by far the big ballroom dance program in the Usa.

Choral music Programs
By having ended D members, BYU has one of a big choral software download in the United States. There are little joe auditioned choirs on the BYU campus, & the non-auditioned choir, University Chorale. A iv auditioned choirs include a 40-voice BYU Singers, a virtually all advanced choir & a single that has traveled throughout the United States, twice to Russia, three days to Israel, to Australia and New Zealand, the countries of American & Eastern Europe, including the Baltic states, and last to West Africa. A BYU Singers keep close at hand recorded multiple Videos, by using a virtually all recent existence The Redeemer Lives in 2003. A second auditioned choir is the Concert Choir, a second advanced choir sustaining 85 voices. A Concert Choir doesn't tour up to a BYU Singers. A next choir is the BYU Men's Chorus, which is one of the largest male collegiate choirs in the United States, and is very popular within the BYU and LDS communities. Eventually, a Women's Chorus is comprised of 200 female voices. Additionally, BYU has a song & dance company known as the Young Ambassadors, which has traveled to China and Europe. It sing numerous Broadway hits & dance similar to show choirs.

Sports programs
From either a late 1970s until a mid-1990s, BYU got an spectacular football program. Within 1984, BYU's football team went undefeated to become a NCAA Division I-A national football champions. This was a 1st & single period that BYU has won a football national championship. It became champion by beating Michigan in the Holiday Bowl inside San Diego, marking the total the single period that the number-one graded college eleven did non play in a Future Season's Day bowl game. A few such as NBC's Bryant Gumbel and Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer criticized BYU for having the feeble schedule around 1984. It didn't matter nevertheless, since BYU was undefeated & it experienced attained a first ranking in the AP, UPI, & more polls. Around 1990, quarterback Ty Detmer won college football's most prestigious single award, a Heisman Trophy. Detmer is a lone BYU footballer ever to win the award. When you took a 1990 year, BYU defeated a total-a single stratified Miami Hurricanes in Provo. Detmer passed for 5,188 yards & 41 touchdowns when you took this year.

A head football coach when you took BYU's football glory years was LaVell Edwards. Edwards occurs as legend among college football coaches, winning 257 games all over the span of Twenty-nine years. Exclusively 5 further head coaches develop won more games. He was twice awarded by using coach of the season awards (around 1979 and in 1984). Edwards' go year when head coach was around 2000; upon his retirement, BYU renamed its football venue from Cougar Stadium to LaVell Edwards Stadium in his honor. (Sources:http://www.byucougars.com/football/history/honors.hypertext mark-up language; http://web.ksl.com/TV/byufb/01year.htm).

When you took BYU's football glory times, a school colors were brightly royal blue & white. Within 1999, a school colors had a makeover, shift to dark blue & tan, by owning the football helmets switching from either white to dark blue. A modern-styled football uniforms proved to exist as unpopular, & a traditional project by owning a whiten helmet was reinstituted for a 2005 year - although a navy remains on the page jerseys & the road pants. A BYU women's cross-united states team won a NCAA National Championship in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2002. BYU has besides won NCAA National Championships around golf, track, and men's volleyball (3 days: within 1999, 2001, & 2004). A school colors come dark blue & white. Its mascot is Cosmo the Cougar and its primary conference is the Mountain West Conference. Its men's volleyball team plays in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYU's men's association football club participates as a university-owned franchise in the United Soccer Leagues' Premier Development League.

BYU likewise has the heavy intramural sports program, offering other than Thirty sports & involving to a higher degree 10,000 participants every season.

Academic freedom issues

Rather several more religious schools, BYU is typically at a center of tilt on academic freedom. Inside 1992, the university drafted the newly Statement in Academic Freedom. When getting comment from either faculty & others, a document was implemented by BYU administrators in September 14, 1992. This page specified that: "Because the gospel encompasses all truth and affirms the full range of human modes of knowing, the scope of integration for LDS scholars is, in principle, as wide as truth itself." Notwithstanding, citing BYU's role as a religious institution, a document allowed limitations to become located upon "expression with students or in public that: "...A ultimate responsibility to determine harm to a University mission or even the church, nevertheless, remains vested in the University's organization—including a University president & central administration &, eventually, a board of Trustees."

Also in 1992, the university began including a clause in its faculty contracts requiring LDS faculty to "assume a negro spiritual & temporal expectations of heart-whole Church membership". In 1993, contracts further required LDS faculty to "assume as a affliction of employment a standards of conduct uniform sustaining qualifying for temple privileges." (referring to entry into LDS temples, for which one must meet standards of activity and behavior in the LDS Church). In 1996, LDS faculty were required, as a condition of employment, to obtain the yearly endorsement of their local ecclesiastical leaders, which certified the faculty were temple-worthy. For example, in 1996, assistant professor Steven Epperson was dismissed after his local church leader refused to endorse him because of his failure to pay tithing, which made him ineligible for temple attendance.

Since its adoption in 1992, BYU's new academic freedom policy and its implementation have been widely criticized. In late 1992, the university's board of trustees vetoed without comment a BYU proposal to invite Pulitzer Prize winner and Harvard University professor Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, an active Mormon feminist, to address the annual BYU Women's Conference. The university also began to dismiss or deny tenure to a number of its more dissident professors. In 1993, BYU denied tenure to Cecilia Konchar Farr, who had taken a personal pro-choice position on abortion, and to David Knowlton, who had critically discussed the church's missionary system at an independent Mormon forum. In 1996, BYU denied tenure to Gail T. Houston, a feminist, despite overwhelmingly positive votes from her English Department and the College Committee. Also in 1996, professor Brian Evenson resigned in protest after receiving a stern warning from BYU administration over some violent images in one of his short stories.

In 1997, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) issued a [http://www.aaup.org/Com-a/Institutions/archives/1997/Brigham.pdf report] documenting the cases of Houston, Farr, Knowlton, Evenson, Epperson, and others, concluding "that infringements in academic freedom come painfully most common & that a climate for academic freedom is painfully unfortunate". In 1998, the AAUP voted to enter BYU on its list of censured organizations, on which it remains to the present. The president of BYU at the time of the investigation and censure, Merrill J. Bateman, left office in 2003; the AAUP has subsequently sent the new president a description of the steps needed to have the censure removed.

Culture
BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the University by members of the LDS Church results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms which are often caricatured. One of the characteristics of BYU most often noted (and derided) is its reputation for emphasizing a "marriage culture". LDS Church members highly value marriage and family, as well as marriage within the faith. Consequently, the enormous population of LDS single adults in and around Provo makes it a mecca for singles in the church, irrespective of their affiliation with BYU. BYU's reputation as a place to court potential mates is well known both within and without the BYU community, and is encouraged to some extent by the school's administrators and ecclesiastical leaders, who publicly highlight "successful" [http://saas.byu.edu/depts/graduation/statistics.aspx marriage statistics].

The perception of BYU as a glorified Mormon dating service, combined with the high esteem in which most Mormons hold stay-at-home mothers and breadwinner/homemaker marriages, has resulted in stereotype of the female BYU student more interested in marriage than education—in a popular phrase, "Pursuing her MRS." Derogatory nicknames for the school include "B-Y-Woo", "Bring'em Young University" and "Breed'em Young University".

Most BYU students are acutely aware of the marriage stereotype, and many female students contribute to it by dropping out before graduation due to marriage and subsequent pregnancy. The reality is slightly more nuanced, as statistical analysis bears out. 56.3% of the men and 42.4% of the women in BYU's class of 2004 were married (the average age at graduation being 24.3). Marriage statistics for the state of Utah as a whole indicate that BYU's marriage rate falls well within that of the state in general, with the median age at marriage in Utah being 23 for men, and 21 for women. It should be noted, however, that the percentage of married students at BYU is much higher than at most other universities, and the median age of marriage in Utah is significantly lower than in the United States as a whole. In regards to marriage, BYU is thus best described as a reflection of the cultural practices of the Mormon population as a whole (and particularly that of the Mountain West, which is significantly more culturally conservative than Mormon populations elsewhere within the United States), rather than as an outlier. BYU's large body of students who have served as missionaries for the LDS Church significantly shapes the institution's culture. Young men are strongly encouraged to serve full two-year missions for the LDS (Mormon) church at age 19. Consequently, men might attend BYU for their freshman year and then take a two year break from school to serve the mission. Thus, the average male sophomore at BYU is 21 years old. Although LDS women can also serve missions, the church does not press them to do so. Additionally, missions for LDS females are only 18 months in duration, and females are not permitted to serve missions until reaching 21 years of age.

Perceptions
Although BYU is held in high regard by many employers, there is a good deal of antagonism toward BYU both from inside and outside of the Mormon community. The LDS Church's racial policies attracted a great deal of protest in the 1960s, with African-American athletes frequently boycotting athletic events at which BYU competed. (The most notable examples of this were a football game forfeited by the heavily black University of Wyoming team in 1969, and the refusal of Texas El-Paso long jumper Bob Beamon—who set a world record in the long jump at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City—to participate in a track meet against BYU in the spring of that year.) While the LDS church's 1978 declaration of doctrine regarding those of African descent and the Priesthood eliminated most of this hostility, traces of lingering resentment against the school remain in many African-American communities.

Some of the most vitriolic opinions about BYU are held by LDS students at colleges and universities elsewhere in the US, proud to be in "the real life" instead of immersed in BYU's "bubble of shallowness, revolve around appearances, & familiarity toward marriage". (The fiercely secular University of Utah, in particular, is perceived as the nearly complete opposite of BYU, and is renowned as an outpost of leftism in the nation's most conservative state.) The nonchalance of many BYU students toward the weekly (and sometimes even more frequent) visits by the LDS Church's General Authorities is also a source of frustration for students in places where such visits occur once or twice a year, if at all.

On the other hand, many visitors to BYU, and the Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised at the genuinely wholesome environment. Very few BYU students consume alcohol, tobacco or illegal substances. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, crime is low; violent crime is also low. Provo and Orem are, however, major centers of methamphetamine manufacturing and distribution, perhaps owing to the drug's popularity among Utah teenagers and the proximity of Interstate 80 and Interstate 15. The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone stone-sober school" for several years running, an honor on which LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley has often commented with pride. The school's straight-laced reputation is a major selling point in athletic recruiting: as non-LDS players (particularly African-Americans from inner cities) have become ever more important to the school's teams, BYU's wholesomeness is often attractive for prospective students who prefer an academic or social environment without the distractions of alcohol or drug use.

Notable alumni

Rick Aguilera, former Major League Baseball pitcher, 1991 World Series champion, three-time all-star, #11 on the MLB all-time saves list Danny Ainge, professional baseball and basketball player Rafael Araújo, professional basketball player Bruce Bastion, co-founder of WordPerfect Corporation Ezra Taft Benson, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Brian Billick, Baltimore Ravens head coach Orson Scott Card, science fiction author Clayton M. Christensen, academic who coined the term "disruptive technology" James C. Christensen, noted artist Todd Christensen, former tight end for the NFL's Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders Krešimir Ćosić, four-time Olympian (basketball), 1980 Olympic gold medal winner (basketball), Olympic basketball coach (1988, silver medal), US Presidential Freedom Award recipient Brian Crane, award-winning cartoonist Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator (Idaho) Ty Detmer, 1990 Heisman Trophy winner and professional football quarterback Richard Dutcher, film director, producer and actor Aaron Eckhart, actor Harvey Fletcher, U.S. physicist Frank Fredericks, world-champion Namibian sprinter Travis Hansen, professional basketball player Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator (Utah) Jon Heder, actor Napoleon Dynamite debut Jared Hess, film director and screenwriter Ken Hunt, former MLB pitcher Casey Jennings, professional beach volleyball player Ken Jennings, Jeopardy! champion Wally Joyner, MLB baseball player Neil LaBute, film director, screenwriter, and playwright Rex E. Lee, Constitutional lawyer, BYU President Jim McMahon, professional football quarterback Ryan Millar, professional volleyball player Frank Moss, U.S. Senator (Utah) Jack Morris, former Major League Baseball pitcher, 1984 and 1991 World Series champion, 1991 World Series MVP, five-time all-star Scott Nielsen, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox pitcher Ken Patera, track and field, weightlifter, professional wrestler Andy Reid, Philadelphia Eagles head coach Rose Marie Reid, American swimsuit designer Kevin B. Rollins, president and CEO of Dell Mitt Romney, Governor of Massachusetts, 2002 Winter Olympics CEO Gordon Smith, U.S. Senator from Oregon Cory Snyder, former MLB player Julie Stoffer, The Real World housemate Erin Thorn, professional basketball player Olene S. Walker, 15th Utah governor Mike Weir, professional golfer and 2003 Masters Champion Steve Young, professional football quarterback and 2005 NFL Hall of Fame inductee